A literary analysis of toni mo Essay Example For Students

A scholarly investigation of toni mo Essay Subjugation assumed a focal job throughout the entire existence of the United States. It existed in all the English territory provinces and came to overwhelm farming creation in the states from Maryland south. Eight of the initial 12 leaders of the United States were slave proprietors. Discussion over subjection progressively ruled American governmental issues, driving in the long run to the American Civil War (1861-1865), which at last finished subjugation. After liberation, defeating slaverys inheritance stayed a critical issue in American history, from Reconstruction following the war to the social equality development right around a hundred years after the fact. 22) A bill has as of late been proposed, by a white Ohio congressman to apologize for subjugation. That congressman is Representative Tony Hall. Corridor settle That the congress apologizes to African-Americans whose progenitors endured as slaves under the constitution of the United States of America until 1865 (Should th e Government 8). The United States government ought not give an expression of remorse to African-Americans for servitude. A statement of regret by the legislature for subjection would not recuperate the harm brought about by 200 forty four years of bondage. Congressman Jesse Jackson Jr. Says. †¦ a straightforward statement of regret, without anything joined to it appears to be somewhat vacant to me (Should the Government 9). There ought to be some kind of reparation installments. If not money related in any event the forty sections of land and a donkey which was guaranteed to the slaves for taking an interest in the Civil War. An administration statement of regret for servitude is a substantial aggregate act, yet it is legitimate just on the off chance that it is joined by substance that fixes the harm that is the reason for the expression of remorse (Should the Government 9). All together for a reparation installments to be given the nation would need to support it. The vast majority don't endorse reparation installments to blacks for subjection. A nightline ABC survey shows that seventy-seven per cent of all Americans contradict reparations. Blacks favor reparations. Sixty-five percent of blacks bolster reparation installments to blacks for servitude. Most white individuals don't consider it to be being a smart thought. Eighty-eight percent of whites restrict the possibility of reparation installments (Should the Government?. 10)The governments statement of regret would not be an immediate translation of the sentiments of America all in all. Fifty-six percent of Americans contradict the possibility of the legislature saying 'sorry' for servitude (Should the Government?. 8) The legislature and individuals of today had no power over what went on somewhere in the range of 1619 and 1863. The administration ought not apologize for somebody elses activities. At the point when the United States apologized and gave reparation installments to the Japanese-Americans who were sent to inhumane imprisonments, the were straightforwardly included as well as liable for what occurred (White) . It is one thing to apologize for the wrongdoings of your own gathering, yet it is very another to talk for the sake of individuals who feel no such contribution in your own transgressions. It appears as though the administration is saying 'sorry' in light of the fact that they feel that they need to or on the grounds that they were sorry for everything else. Saying 'sorry' has a silly, formal and void quality to it (Leo). An expression of remorse to African-Americans would commence a rundown of more gatherings needing statements of regret. The pattern of expressions of remorse would need to remember the antiquated Egyptians and Greeks and Muslims for Africa today(Leo). The inquiry is the thing that would help mend the injuries brought about by subjection. The appropriate response is financial reparations would help facilitate the agony. J.E. White has sketched out the ideal path for these installments to be determined. The primary slaves went to the United States in 1619, and the liberation decree in 1863. That is 244 years of free work given to slave proprietors by around ten million slaves. Duplicated by a quarter a day, the going rate for incompetent work in those days, adds up to 200 twenty two billion dollars. Another 200 twenty two billion dollars included for torment and enduring; at three percent premium compound over the one hundred thirty four years since liberation and that gives you twenty-four trillion dollars (White). .uc43799bc6d50006537abf6ab569da252 , .uc43799bc6d50006537abf6ab569da252 .postImageUrl , .uc43799bc6d50006537abf6ab569da252 .focused content zone { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .uc43799bc6d50006537abf6ab569da252 , .uc43799bc6d50006537abf6ab569da252:hover , .uc43799bc6d50006537abf6ab569da252:visited , .uc43799bc6d50006537abf6ab569da252:active { border:0!important; } .uc43799bc6d50006537abf6ab569da252 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .uc43799bc6d50006537abf6ab569da252 { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; murkiness: 1; change: mistiness 250ms; webkit-change: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .uc43799bc6d50006537abf6ab569da252:active , .uc43799bc6d50006537abf6ab569da252:hover { darkness: 1; change: obscurity 250ms; webkit-change: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .uc43799bc6d50006537abf6ab569da252 .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: relative; } .uc 43799bc6d50006537abf6ab569da252 .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-enrichment: underline; } .uc43799bc6d50006537abf6ab569da252 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .uc43799bc6d50006537abf6ab569da252 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; fringe span: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: striking; line-stature: 26px; moz-outskirt range: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-enhancement: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: supreme; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc43799bc6d50006537abf6ab569da252:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .uc43799bc6d50006537abf6ab569 da252 .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .uc43799bc6d50006537abf6ab569da252-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .uc43799bc6d50006537abf6ab569da252:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: A Comparison Of Coleridge’S Rationalism To W EssayAn expression of remorse could be hazardous. Tolerating an unfilled conciliatory sentiment from the United States could cause it to appear as though this is the finish of the issue subjugation. The peril of a conciliatory sentiment for subjection is that it might turn into the beatitude, rather than the opening hymn!(Should the Government?. 10). Individuals of color must hand this sort of statement of regret back. Rather than stressing over a conciliatory sentiment for something that occurred in the previous one should look forward. I figure we ought to be looking to the future consider ing things we have to accomplish to cooperate. (Apologia pua Amnesia) Accepting a conciliatory sentiment could enlarge the hole among blacks and whites being seen equivalent by everybody. The motion could guide consideration away from our capacity to close the hole among whites and African-Americans with genuine structure and investment.(Marino 12). Despite the fact that reparations would support, no statement of regret or reparation would compensate for those 200 forty four years of hard labor shed by more than ten million slaves. Works CitedApologia qua amnesia. The Nation 10 July 1997: 10. Leo, J. So Whos Sorry Now? U.S. News World Report 30 June 1997: 17. Marino, G. Apologize for Slavery? Commonweal 13 Feb. 1998: 11-14. Mazrui, A.A. Who Should Pay for Slavery? World Press Review August 1993: 22-23. Should the Government Apologize for Slavery? Stream 14 July 1997: 8-10. White, J.E. Sorry isnt Good Enough. Time 30 June 1997: 35.

Painting Critique Research Paper of Salvador Dali Essay Example

Painting Critique Research Paper of Salvador Dali Essay 1. Choose 3 books from the McCormick Library assortment of workmanship books.List them underneath with their call numbers. a. Dali: The Salvador Dali Museum Collection, larger than usual, 759.6, D143 b. Dalis Optical Illusions, 709.24, D143 c. Dali Dawn Ades, 709.24, D143, C.1 d. The Shameful Life of Salvador Dali, 709.24, D143 2. Page through these books until you discover a craftsman or painting or style that especially requests to you.List the artwork/craftsman/style underneath. b. Painting is the Persistence of Memory 3. Using a reference book of craftsmanship or other print assets, discover some data on the craftsman, painting, or style.List your resources(s) beneath. a. I picked the reference book and I discovered that Dali was conceived May eleventh 1904 and kicked the bucket January 23rd 1989. c. He is generally known for his oddity work 4. Using the web (at the library or home), visit a virtual historical center to discover increasingly about this craftsman, painting, or sty le.List the web webpage here. a. http://www.moma.org/assortment/browse_results.php?object_id=79018 a. That this work of art hangs in the Museum of Modern Art in New York.This painting was made to appear as though a fantasy like state. I accept that Salvador Dali was considered as the best craftsman of the surrealist workmanship development and probably the best ace of specialty of the twentieth century.Dali was conceived in Figueres, Spain on May eleventh 1904 at 8:45 in the first part of the day. His original name that was given to him was Salvador Domingo Felipe Jacinto Dali Domenech.Needless to express attempting to murmur that name to a bit of workmanship just wouldnt look right to he abbreviated it to Salvador Dali.He was conceived as the second kid to Salvador Dali Cusi and his better half Felipa Domenech Ferres.

Rare Gene Discourages Alcohol Dependence Among Jews

Rare Gene Discourages Alcohol Dependence Among Jews Addiction Alcohol Use Print Rare Gene Discourages Alcohol Dependence Among Jews By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on November 05, 2015 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on October 22, 2019 TEK IMAGE / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY / Getty Images More in Addiction Alcohol Use Binge Drinking Withdrawal and Relapse Children of Alcoholics Drunk Driving Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery For many years, it was generally believed that religious and cultural influences were the reason for low rates of alcoholism among Jewish males. This has changed thanks to research which found a biological explanation for the phenomenon. Gene Has Protective Effect for Alcoholism in Jewish Population Scientists are not exactly sure why, but a particular gene variation tends to discourage heavier drinking in the persons who have it. The gene was  first known as alcohol dehydrogenase 2 (ADH2*2), but later became known as alcohol dehydrogenase 1B (ADH1B),   An estimated 20 percent of the Jewish population has the ADH1B gene. This is believed to be a factor in the low rates of alcoholism reported in this ethnic group. The gene produces a more active form of the enzyme that catalyzes the first step in alcohol metabolism. Studies have found that the gene seems to account for the lower rate of alcoholism more so than religious practice. Those who have the gene variant tend to drink less frequently and consume less alcohol. At the same time, theyre more likely to have  unpleasant reactions to alcohol, which often acts as a deterrent. Later research found that there is a catch. The protective effects of the gene can be minimized by environmental or cultural factors that encourage heavy alcohol consumption. Looking at Cultural Influences to Drink Deborah Hasin, Ph.D., of Columbia University, and her colleagues studied 75 Israeli Jews between the ages of 22 and 65. They found that the subjects with the ADH1B gene had significantly lower rates of alcohol dependence over their lifetimes. Hasins study was the first to link the gene to rates of alcohol dependence, rather than just heavier alcohol consumption.  It also found that cultural influences could lessen or negate the genes protective effects. The researchers divided the participants into groups based on their country of origin and recency of immigration to Israel. This is where they found variations in the protective effects of ADH1B. Influences of a Heavy Drinking Culture The studys subjects were divided into Ashkenazi (those of European background and arrivals from Russia before 1989) and the Sephardic (those of Middle Eastern or North African background) and more recent immigrants from Russia. The recent Russian immigrants had the highest rates of heavier drinking than the other two groups. They also had the highest rates of past and lifetime alcohol dependency. The researchers concluded that both genes and environment are factors in the development of alcoholism. Russia has an extremely  high rate of alcohol consumption, while Israel has one of the lowest rates. The heavy-drinking culture of the recent Russian immigrants overcame the protective effects of the ADH1B gene.   Therefore, the Russian immigrants who had been in Israel prior to 1989 were affected by Israels culture of less alcohol consumption, the research believes. They had rates of alcohol dependence similar to the Ashkenazis and Sephardic. Younger Israelis Influenced to Drink In recent years, however, the Israel culture has changed to include higher levels of alcohol consumption. In particular, heavy drinking has increased among younger Israeli Jews. A later study by Hasin and colleagues looked at the differences in the effect of the ADH1B gene on the alcohol consumption of younger and older adult Israelis. Drinking levels among older participants were low, regardless of the type of ADH1B gene. Yet, in younger Israelis, those without the protective gene had greater rates of alcohol consumption. Overall, those over 33 years old had lower drinking rates than those younger than 33. This indicates the environmental influences promoting greater drinking among younger Israelis can overcome the protective effects of the gene.

Racial Prejudice and Bias Against Hispanics Essay - 759 Words

Racial Prejudice and Bias Against Hispanics At some point in life, every individual has been treated like an outsider. It occurs often with children or teenagers. However, one can still be regarded with this attitude as an adult. Furthermore, an entire group can feel as if they are being treated as an outsider, and sadly enough, it does happen regularly. One author, David Hernandez, spoke about these occurrences through his poem â€Å"Pigeons.† With his poem, Hernandez argues that Hispanics are never treated or viewed as insiders, but always as outsiders. Sadly enough, I would have to agree with Hernandez’s argument, for in his poem he concludes that Hispanics are viewed as â€Å"weird† because of their culture, are deprived by†¦show more content†¦Another argument that Hernandez brings up in his poem is that pigeons, or Hispanics, are deprived by society. The author explains the deprivation by bluntly saying, â€Å"[n]obody wants to give pigeons a job[;] / [p]arakeets, canaries, and parrots / have the market sewn up as far as that goes† (Hernandez 1023). This is a very true statement. Even though Hispanics can be seen working at jobs, these jobs are frequently minimum wage for pay in which they cannot advance to higher positions. It is rare to see a Hispanic person working in an office in which blacks and whites are the dominant customers or employees. Also, this act of depriving is done within the school system. Often times a child with a Hispanic background is not given the opportunity to rise to his or her level of learning. They are often â€Å"kept back† and placed in lower level classes. As the author of â€Å"Pigeons† so clearly argues, Hispanics are not given as many opportunities to succeed by American society. Hernandez makes another clear argument statement with his poem â€Å"Pigeons.† He makes the point that his ethnic group is not accepted by many Americans. He asks a simple but strong question within his poem: â€Å"When was the last time you saw a pigeon in someone’s home?† (Hernandez 1023). Hispanics are not usually welcomed in the homes of whites or blacks for the main factShow MoreRelatedShould Racial Slurs Be Banned From Society?847 Words   |  4 PagesShould Racial Slurs be Banned from Society? Racial slurs have grown within American history as our society has developed into one of the greatest superpowers of the world. As a nation, America has fought several internal and external wars to advance into a free country and attain the rights it now holds. These rights, or moral principles, were established to protect the residents inhabiting each state. Countless rules of regulation against racism have been enforced by Congress beginning from theRead MoreRacial Predujice toward Minority Groups1564 Words   |  6 PagesRacial prejudice toward minority groups has been a problem throughout all of history. While overt racism and prejudice may be diminished from the days of our dark past, covert racism is very much alive. Society loves to embellish on how far the country has come in the fight against racial prejudice by highlighting significant events such as having the first black president. Yet there are still too many instances of subtle racism. In 2011, there were almost 700,0 00 incidents of stop and frisk policingRead MoreRacial Profiling And The Justice System994 Words   |  4 Pagescertain description. This behavior is referred to as racial profiling and it is killing, wrongfully accusing and creating division amongst the people and justice system. 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The six principals of nonviolence from Dr. King are great tools to resolve manyRead MoreRacism : A Deeply Ingrained Problem1114 Words   |  5 PagesAmerica has made great strides to gain racial equality, but we still hold racial prejudice and negative stereotypes. Because of our previous racist past, we often associate a person s outward appearance with their personality and character. For example we assume all Asians are smart, all black people are criminals, and all Hispanics are great soccer players. We have assimilated other races in to our government and our popular culture, however we still show our racial biases by socially segregating theirRead MoreThe Founding Years Of America1692 Words   |  7 Pagesimproving chances of like-minded individuals who experienced direct discrimination, Universities were obliged to improve educational opportun ities of groups who have experienced prejudice in the past, though a practice called Affirmative Action. 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Tuberculosis As A Lethal Disease - 1388 Words

Tuberculosis, also known as â€Å"consumption† was a lethal disease that started spreading rapidly from family to family in parts of New England in the 18th and 19th centuries. However, not much was known about the disease in those times, leading people to start to suspect that vampires were the cause of the deaths. In an effort to protect their families and community, some people resorted to old-folk remedies, rooted from Europe. They exhumed the bodies of deceased relatives who died of consumption and checked to see if they had â€Å"fresh,† circulating, liquid blood in their hearts, which would indicate that the deceased had become a vampire. They believed that one of the relatives was not completely dead and was â€Å"draining† the life of his living relatives by stealing their blood and essentially placing it in his own corpse’s heart. In order to stop further spread of the disease, once it is discovered which of the deceased had become a vampire, the corpse’s vital organs such as his heart and lungs are removed and burned to ashes. Burning the heart to ashes fastens the drying of the fresh, liquid blood, which kills the vampire for good in the process. Additionally, many believed that consuming the vampire’s burned ashes acts as a cure for the living relatives that are infected with consumption (Bell 124-140). Dracula, written by Bram Stoker in the end of the 19th century, is known by many as the most influential vampire novel to ever be written. Dracula introduces the vampire CountShow MoreRelatedEssay On Tuberculosis831 Words   |  4 Pagesmoieties for the treatment of tuberculosis and still running to enlighten more possible ways to withstand and draw a full stop to the condition, the standard reports of tuberculosis enlisting cases are still on the increment side rather to declining state. 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Leadership Characteristics Free Essays

string(89) " Since there is no enough room, the report will investigate the transformational theory\." Leadership Characteristics Executive summary: Since early beginning of the last century, the leadership has emerged as an important issue in the business regard of the dramatic transformation in the world economy. Thus far, the following report represents an attempt to shed the light on the leadership issue. In order to provide a hint of the leadership meaning, the report will demonstrate brief idea about some of the leadership theories which perceive the leadership skills form different view. We will write a custom essay sample on Leadership Characteristics or any similar topic only for you Order Now The report then will identify certain characteristics that should be attained in the personality of the leader which ensure his successful. The requisite of the contemporary leadership skills has appeared at the latter part of twentieth century, regard of the globalisation phenomenon as well the rapid development in technology; which resulted in the increase of the competition. As the knowledge does not stop, leaders require training and development, thus, the report will also investigate the process of leadership development. 1Chapter One: Introduction: Throughout the last century and insofar the 21st century, the mankind has undergone dramatic transformation in the whole domains, and the individuals needs and requirements significantly expended, however, many people managed to maintain successfully their life and obtained the benefit of this change, while others could not cope with this change, which resulted with dissatisfaction and pessimistic view of the life. Significant amount of researches and investigations have been done in order to identify such a pattern or a process that can raise the performance of human beings, thus the concept of leadership appeared as a critical requisite for any entity, including an individuals, family, organisations or even countries. In the early part of 20th century, ‘Freud (1927) in his famous book the Civilisation and It Discontents, he approached the leadership issue when he said that groups of individuals need leaders to provide them with an identity and sense of purpose’ (Higgs, 2003) With the rapid transformation in the world, the competition has become more aggrieve, and organisations urged to deal with this rapid change and the continue development has become an urgent need for the company prosper and survive. Hence, Leadership issue was put under the limelight as an important process for the company sustainability. Although there have been momentous efforts devoted to investigate the leadership issue including theories, definitions and identification for its characteristics, till now there is no complete agreement about the notion of leadership, since these different suggestions and concepts approached the leadership from different perspectives. The following report embodies an attempt to shed the light on the leadership issues, throughout quick review of the leadership theories, and examine the leadership characterises in both the 20th and the 21st century, before dissect the reflection of the personal-experience on the leadership characteristics Chapter Two: Leadership Theories: Due to the importance of the leadership issue, many theories have been emerged throughout the time, each theory tackles with the leadership from different perspectives and aspects, and one can not determine whether this theory right and others are wrong; however the main theories of the leadership are: †¢Trait Th eory: this theory defines specific characteristics which are existed in the successful leadership such as attitudes, personality, intelligence and decisiveness, regardless of any consideration of other assisted factors such as team work and the internal and external work environment. However, there are two criticisms for this theory. â€Å"The first, it doesn’t specify what the most important leadership characteristics are, and the second, it ignores the contribution of the others. † (Dessler, 1976) †¢Behavioural Theory: it approaches the leadership from another perspectives, it dissects the achievement of leaders and the outcomes of their contributions within the organisations. The remarkable differences between the trait and behavioural theory are that the last one emphasises on oth the accomplishment of the task as the main indications for the leader success, and employees’ satisfaction, †¢Situational leadership: According to this theory, the effectiveness of the leader is significantly correlated with situational factors which restrict the performance of the leader positively or negatively. In other words, â€Å"the efficiency of leader’s skills or traits are determined by the situation in which leaders exercise leadersh ip† (Dessler,1976), These factors are: -Follower’s contributions. The availability and the utilization of the resources. However, creating the harmonisation and the collaboration between the situational factors and the leader are essential to determine leader’s effectiveness. †¢Contingency Theories: basically, the assumption of this theory, that the behaviour of the leader can not be standardised, instead, the leader should consider situational factors. The success of the leader in this theory is measured by the ability of leader to adopt such a style to achieve certain task with a consideration to the followers. This theory was the beginning of new view of leadership; based on this assumption other contingency theories were emerged such as, Fiedler’s concept of situational favourability (1967), which defined position power, task structure and leader-member relation, as the main factors that determine the effectiveness of the leader’s style. Path-goal is another theory (House and Mitchell 1974) which assumes that the leader has a significant contribution on the follower to enable them to achieve their objectives. Horner, 1997) †¢Transactional theories: it assumes that since the task and responsibilities have been identified, the leader has a full right to do whatever it requires to achieve this task. This theory depends on praise and rewards as motivation system for followers, meanwhile, punishment is used to ensure the abidance by the roles and the request of the task. However, this theory is criticised as it assumes the behaviour of a human being is predictable without an y consideration of the reflection of the environment. Transformational theories: this theory depends on the development of the vision and convinces the follower, in other words, the leader adopts the visions and does whatever it requires to encourage followers. In this case the leader will become an inspiration for followers and they create their relationship with them depending on trust. As it is clearly perceived, those theories tackle with the leadership from different perspectives. Since there is no enough room, the report will investigate the transformational theory. You read "Leadership Characteristics" in category "Essay examples" Transformational Theory: This theory was generated under assumption of people follow a person who has vision and passion. He or she will inspire them to achieve the goal. Transformational leadership is the modern view of leadership that seems to match with the style of business leader in 21st century since the business competition; turbulence, unforeseen contingencies, and rapid change in technologies create such a momentous stress. Under this stress, the need for transformational leaders who are proactive is emerged as an important requisite to help follower to cope with the dramatic change. (Bass, 1997) The characteristic of transformational leaders is mainly embodied by their charisma; they inspire followers by their innovation and ability to create change. However, the success of charismatic leader is through a belief in themselves rather than others, while transformational leaders concern with other around them such as colleagues and employees. They are not narcissistic as charismatic. This style of leader will create an important transformation to both organisation and employees. Moreover, it may impact the strategy and the structure of the organisation. The power of transformational leader is not derived by the reward system or rules and regulation, yet it is obtained from an intangible value such as their visions and the relationship among others. Draft, 2002) According to Tichy and Devanna (Lussier, 1996), there are three main activities for transformational leadership. Recognition for the need of revitalisation: leaders should understand the urgent need of the organisation for transformation, in order to create such a sustainable resource of competitive advantage to maintain the company success in such a competitive environment. Creating a new vision: by having visualise in innovation and organisation changed, leader will be able to inspire and motivate others to reach the objectives. Institutionalising change: it is essential for transformational leaders to put an effort to convince others. Leaders need to advise and create trust among employees in the organisation in order to let them understand the idea of vision and reach the goal. The style of transformational leadership tends to match with the business world today since it is flexible and innovator. In addition, there are many business articles mentioned that workforce is the most important resource for organisation. Thus, this type of leadership takes into consideration of both business activity and relationship within organisation. These two factors pave the passage of the company success. There are several distinctions between those theories; nevertheless, they agree that there are certain characteristics should be attained in the leader to ensure the efficiency of his contribution. 3Chapter Three: Leadership Characteristics: 3. 1Leadership Definition: As there are many theories approached the leadership, there are also many definitions have been suggested for the leadership, some authors identify the leadership as a process to achieve groups/ organisations goals, others see the notion of leadership as trait, transformation or even as management. However, the definition of leadership by Rost (1993) can be used to dissect this notion (8). He defines the leadership as an influence relationship among leader and followers who intend real changes that reflect their mutual purposes. According to Rost, leadership is: †¢Influence Relationship: the influence will be in both directions top-bottom and bottom-top. †¢Intend real changes: it means leadership includes substantial development in both leaders and followers. †¢Mutual purposes: both leader and followers agree about certain purposes which can be considered as missions or statements. . 2Leadership Characteristics: There is a view argues that leaders are born and other say it is a science can be taught, both of those views did not describe leadership accurately, â€Å"leadership is an art to be studied, practised, developed and lived. † (Scott, 1996) There are certain characteristics that determine the effectiveness of leadership and shape the performance of leaders: 1. Communicative: the importance of this skill, that it provides the leader with an ability to deliver precisely the ideas, visions and objectives required to be achieved. However, it is crucial to understand that the communications include the flow of data and information in two sides, top-bottom and bottom-top. Leaders have to consider sharing the ideas and unleash the contribution of employees, since occasionally, employees come up with innovative suggestions that might enhance or develop certain objectives. 2. Rewards and recognizes achievement: express the appreciation for others efforts, has a vital role as a motivation. Leaders could achieve that by financial rewards or even by praise the follower. Sometime simple gestures such as approving nod, thumbs- up or even quick comment like ‘great job’, ‘you are doing well’ is enough to encourage followers to improve their performance and productivity. 3. Genuine interest in others: it is undeniable fact that financial rewards have a significant influence on followers; meanwhile, there are other motivations that should be attained. The leader should recognise the emotional support for followers since it creates loyalty. Genuine interest does not require a lot of efforts; it might be expressed by asking about the personal health or family. For instance, in the company that I used to work, the owner asks employees about their general life before he asked about any other thing related to the work, this simple action was enough to motivate employees to work as they own the company. 4. Team orientation: the successful leader takes into account the importance of team-work; he gathers the followers and discusses with them the task or the missions. The leader listens to their opinion, stimulates their innovation, and finally creates the harmony required to achieve the task. This gives employees more responsibility to improve their performance and productivity since they have significant role as decision- makers. 5. Visionary and idea-oriented: the long-term objectives are vital issue in the successful leadership agenda; he always seeks for new ideas and creativity. They consider the available competitive advantages and establish the stream of substantial competitive advantages. When Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al-Maktoum (Dubai’s ruler) unveiled the growth strategy of 2015, it was unsurprising for many economists that the city had met its 2010 GDP target two years ago. Many people argue that Dubai is only a bubble and it would diminish after it consumes its oil. However, this completely untrue, nowadays, 74% of emirits GDP derives from real-estate, tourism and retail sectors (Kerr, 2007). The rapid strides of the development of Dubai is referred to the log-term successful visions of it rulers, and his ability to create new competitive advantages for the country instead of the oil. Similar to that in the business world, â€Å"Henry Ford by his long term vision as well as rational risk calculated he managed to predict the market and customer trend and made Ford on of the most successful organisation. † (Grint, 2000) 6. Decisiveness, responsibility and Integrity: although, it has been mentioned that followers should be involved in decision-making process, the leader is still the ultimate decision-maker depending on the ability to consider the right decision in the proper time. Since a decision has been made, the leader is completely responsible for the consequences of any possible risk, even if the leader is involved directly in the execution. Integrity is also very important, â€Å"leaders do not use followers as means to achieve their purpose in satisfying the shareholder; instead, they understand that their contribution should consider the whole stakeholders. † (Bowie et al, 2000) 7. Competence: the word of competence derives from innovation, training and development, accumulated experience, and the ability of the leader to learn. Since the leadership is an art, leaders have to consider the importance of shaping and the development of their skills; this should be attained by substantial willing for knowledge and self-development. Those characteristics are very important to be attained by the leaders because they have crucial impact on the effectiveness of leadership, moreover, the effective leaders manage to create synergy between their followers, and loyalty required for achieving certain objectives and tasks. 4Chapter Four: Leadership in the 21st Century: Since the latter part of twentieth century the world has witnessed dramatic change in the whole domains, â€Å"due to the rapid strides of technologies development, the spread of the globalisation phenomenon, demographic shifts, migration and the rapid degradation of social and natural capital – are creating opposing tensions. † (Connor et al, 2003, P. 59). Taking into account those challenges, the demand of leadership has been increased noticeably with an urgent requisite of organisations for framework that tates the new criteria of leadership. Some of these are an expansion for the previous characteristics of leadership and others are new, however, those could be summarised as: †¢Understanding the Culture Diversity: although the geographical barriers have been eliminated, the cultural barriers are still an enormous challenge for businesses. Leaders should be aware that doing business is different from nation to nation, and it is completely restricted by the natio nal traditions and habits. For instant: In the USA, Innovations and achievements are considered as individual effort, hence, the influence of the individual recognition will be obvious in Human Resource Management of the American firms, individual reward system, appraisal and even in the job designed. While in China the individual efforts and innovations are referred to the founder of the firm. In Chinese tradition the achievement are always referred to the collective units such as families, organisations, and the country. (Tsang, 2007) The misunderstanding in the communication is another consequence of the lack of culture appreciation. Many conflicts were occurred, contracts were rejected and negotiations failed at the last stage because of the lack of communication with other culture. Thus far, the comprehensive understanding for influence of the culture on business is vital, because the world has become more united under the umbrella of globalisation. †¢Strategic thinking: An organisation can not be considered as an individual entity, instead it is influenced by external factors, such as competitors, suppliers, customers, critical financers and fluctuation in the market demand. From this view the needs of substantial change in the corporate strategy emerges as an important requisite to enable the company to cope with change of the business environment. However, â€Å"the ways-of-thinking of the leader have continues impact on corporate reorientation. † (Hendry et al,1993). However, it is important to understand that strategic thinking is different from the strategic planning, â€Å"Mintzberg argues that strategic planning derives from strategic thinking† (Bonn, 2001, P63). The first aspect of the strategic thinking is observation and company knowledge. The leader observes the company daily life with its complexity and understands the drivers of the organisation performance and the influence of the external factors on this performance. The second aspect of the strategic thinking is creativity; it is the core of strategic thinking. The leader seeks the substantial development for his organisation; he identifies solutions for the company problems and creates vision which will determine the future of firm. Thereafter, the strategic thinking of the leader establishes the implementation required to achieve the company vision. Sharing vision with others is another significant element for the strategic thinking successful, since it generates loyalty and encourage them because they participate in decision-making process. Jeffery Bezos the founder of Amazon is considered as an important example of a successful leader, in such a high competitive business sector like the online, where other companies struggle to cope with the rapid stride of technology, Amazon imposes itself as the leader of the online industries and especially the e- retailers, there is no doubt that the strategic thinking of Bezos is an ultimate key of the Amazon success. Bezos always has one eye on the future, in order to build the company long term objectives, however, his strategic thinking embodies by creating the Amazon vision and establishing the strategy needed to achieve the company objectives. Innovation is one of most important aspect of Bezos strategic thinking, since Amazon invests huge amount of money to provide the world with amazing technologies such as Elastic Compute Cloud (ECC) to ensure that the company is still the leader of the dot-com race. Hof, 2006) Whenever the world doubts, if Amazon can fulfil its promise to revolutionise retailing, Bezos wonders the people with such an innovative idea to reinforce Amazon position as being the e-retailer leader. With his strategic thinking as well as his creative working-team, Amazon never stops building its substantial competitive advantages. Humanistic awareness: as workforce constitutes the most value asset of the firm, the leader has significant responsibility to ensure their satisfactio n; considerable motivation system, training and development, praise, empowerment, participation in decision-making process are samples to obtain employees satisfaction. Since they have impact on employees’ productivity and innovation. However, employees’ retention reflects the level of their satisfaction, and appreciation for company leader. Learning and self-awareness: the leader has to have a profound knowledge about his organisation to be able to recognise its capability in order to create the vision and framework and means needed to achieve this vision, moreover, the successful leader is knowledge seeker to cope with rapid change in the business world. Self-awareness is another issue that leaders should take into consideration; they distinguish their weaknesses and strengths, and use the last one to eliminate the weaknesses to improve the effectiveness of their leadership. Hence, leaders empower their ability to inspire and unite employees around themselves to maintain the company performance. 5Chapter Five: Leadership Development: The increase of the competition in the business world urges organisations to search more for competitive advantages in order to be able to survive and conquer their competitors in such a hostile business environment. Nowadays organisations eventually start to concern about leadership development and devote tangible efforts to improve efficiencies of its individuals. However, the leadership development program should be prepared comprehensively in order to attain its purpose. The 360 degree appraisal system is an important step to initiate this program, since it provides feedback about the employee performance from different resources which helps to determine the improvement required regard to his strengths and weaknesses. (Ladyshewsky, 2007). Thereafter, the priority of the leadership development will be for the higher level managers, regard to their expected contribution on their subordinates, yet the improvement of the subordinate should be in the leadership development agenda. The leadership development program should cover the weakness of the employees that has listed in the 360 degree appraisal; meanwhile, it should depend on modern techniques and case studies from other companies, rather than depending on the literatures and theories only. The final step in the leadership development program is the evaluation which derived from many criteria, such as the feedback of the program, the examination of the participant’s understanding, and the tangible outcomes that the company will acquire which is the decisive for the program evaluation. Leskiw et al, 2007) However, there is another view should be deemed in the issue of leadership development, individuals perseverance is ultimate criteria for development, leader should have enough credibility to admit there weaknesses and finds the appropriate strategy to mitigate the impact of this weakness, moreover, the leader should be knowledge seeker to obtain the benefit of the others experience. 6Chapter Eigh t: Conclusion: The leadership an old requisite in the human beings life, nevertheless, it has become a considerable obsession for the organisations, regard to the substantial transformation in the world business. Although the theories of the leadership are different, they agree that there are several characteristic that should be attain by a person in order to be such a successful leader. Most of the leadership theories concern about the characteristic needed to reinforce two main things, creating competitive advantages and the workforce. As the workforce is the most important asset for the firm, the leader should consider employee alignment around the company objectives throughout the leader humanistic consideration as followers need inspiration, different kind of motivation in order to enhance their performance. Meanwhile, the leader should eventually find the resource of the competitive advantages. Due to the dissemination of the globalisation phenomenon as well as the rapid development in technology, organisations require new leadership characteristic to cope with change in the business environment. However, the new leadership characteristics have emerged from the need for crossing the culture barriers, since it is an enormous obstacle for organisation. Creating the long-term planning depends on the strategic thinking of the leader to identify new vision for the company. The increase in the world competition is accomplished with raise of the leadership demand, thus far organisations should invest considerably in improving their leadership capability, since the world development will never stop. References Bass, B. M. , (1998), Stress and Transactional-Transformational Leadership, Transformational Leadership: Industrial, Military, and Educational Impact, London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Bonn, I. , (2001) Developing Strategic Thinking as a Core Competency, Management Decision, Vol. 39, No. , pp. 63-71 Bowie, N and Elmer, L. , (2000), Kantian Theory of Leadership, Leadership organisation Development Journal, Vol. 21 No. 4, pp. 185-193 Connor, R. and Mackenzie-Smith, P. (2003), The Leadership Jigsaw -finding the Missing Piece, Business Strategy Review, Vol. 14, Issue 1, pp 59-66 Dessler, G. , (1976) Leadership and Supervision, Organisation and Management: Contingency Approach, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall Publication. Draft, R. L. , (2002), Management, 6th Ed. Mason, OH: South-Western Publication. Grint, K. (2000), Henry Ford: The Blind Business Visionary, The Arts of Leadership, Oxford: Oxford University Press Hendry, J (ed) and Johnson, G (ed) with Newton, J (1993), Strategic Thinking: Leadership and the Management of Change, England: John Wiley Publication Higgs, M. , (2003) How can we make sense of leadership in the 21st century? , Leadership organisation Development Journal, Vol. 24 No. 5, pp. 273-284 Hof, R. D. , (13/10/2006), Jeff Bezos’ Risky Bet, Business week magazine [Online]. Available from Business week: http://www. businessweek. com/magazine/content/06_46/b4009001. tm Accessed (20/04/2007)) Horner, M. , (1997) Leadership Theory: Past, Present and Future, Team Performance Management, Vol. 3 No. 4, pp. 270-287 Kerr, S. , (24/07/2007), Emirate Sets its Sights on Trebled GDP by 2015, The Financial Times. Economy, pp. 2 Ladyshewsky, K. R, () A Strategic Approach for Integrating Theory to Practice in Leadership Dev elopment, Leadership Organisation Development Journal, Vol. 28, No. 5, pp. 426-443 Leskiw, S and Singh, P. , (2007), Leadedrship Development: Learning from Best Practices, Leadership Organisation Development Journal, Vol. 8, No. 5, pp. 444-464 Lussier, R. N. , (1996), Human relations in organizations: A skill-building approach. 2nd Ed. Chicago, IL: Irwin, Inc Rost, J. C, (1993), Leadership definition, Leadership for the Twenty-First Century, London: Praeger Publication. Scott , E. D. and Kleiner, B. H, (1996), Good? Leadership, Management Development Review, Vol. 9, No. 5, pp. 30-33 Tsang, D. , (2007), Leadership, National Culture and Performance Management in The Chinese Software Industry, International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, Vol. 56, No. 4, pp. 270-284 How to cite Leadership Characteristics, Essay examples

Australian Dairy Industry for Economic Perspectives- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theAustralian Dairy Industry for Economic Perspectives Answer: Introduction The study highlights on the structure of the Dairy Industry in Australia and the various stages of production of dairy products from raw milk and its distribution to the customers. Since 1970, the dairy industry in Australia has shown huge improvements in productivity of their farm. Implementation of advanced technologies as well as structural reforms within the sector has increased the efficiency in milk production (OBrien et al., 2012). This industry in Australia has commissioned ABARES for analyzing the productivity drivers within the industry for supporting huge information needs that is required to develop funds across the regions. The study also elucidates on the structure of their intermediate markets and implication of market structure in this industry. It also reflects on the current strategy of Inglenook dairy and its opportunities and threats to its long run profits. Furthermore, recommendations regarding this farms current strategy are also discussed in this assignment. Structure of Australian Diary Industry and identification of stages of production of dairy products Over the past 30 years, the structure of the dairy industry in Australia has changed in a huge way and is driven by various factors that includes removal of regulated prices of milk and reforms in market of dairy products. However, during this phase , the total number of farms in this nation has declined by about two-thirds and the processing as well as distribution segments of this industry have been rationalized (Tauer et al., 2012). Although few resources are being utilized in producing milk, restructuring has led to efficient industry. This has also led to increase in growth on production of dairy each farm in real terms. This industry contributes to 0.3 to 0.4% to GDP (gross domestic product) of the nation. In addition, the employment rate of Australia increases as large workers are engaged in this industry. The process that is involved in producing dairy products from raw materials and then marketing and distribution to the consumers in Australia involves few steps : Receiving milk or raw materials The dairy farms uses antibiotics for controlling infections in cows. The milk is then obtained from them. Storing- Milk is stored in clean and hygienic container . Standardization- It includes filtration as well as separation. Pasteurization and homogenization- During this process, milk is heated to 72 degree centigrade and is kept for 15 seconds. Chilling the product obtained- After that, it is cooled instantly to 4degreecentigrade. This treatment us required for destroying harmful bacteria present in the milk. Packaging Storage- the chemical inputs such as sanitizing agents are used for storage of dairy products. Distribution to the consumer Analyzing the structure of intermediate markets The oligopoly intermediate market structure is involved in the production as well as distribution of final dairy products. The dairy industry in Australia has few firms and they are interdependent with each other. However, each farm under Australian dairy industry considers the action of rival farms while setting their price on dairy products. In addition, non-price competition exist in this intermediate market structure as farms influences the products prices. Similar or differentiated dairy products are produced by the farms in this Australian industry. In addition, the farms in this industry adopts new technology that outcomes in the farms to become capital intensive as well as dependent on labor. As it has been seen that pricing arrangements had influenced productivity in past, implementation in new technologies helps them to attain competitive advantage in oligopoly market structure. As few dairy firms exists in the Australian market, the diary industry faces oligopolistic competition. In this competitive market structure, the dairy farms are forced to be interdependent as it aids one farm to monitor other farms actions for gaining competitive advantage. In fact, the behavior of the farms in dairy industry of Australia is explained with the help of kinked demand curve framework shown below: Figure 1: Kinked demand curve framework reflecting behavior of dairy farms in oligopolistic competition Source: (As created by author) At P1 , if the dairy farms raises the price of milk product, then consumers tries to purchase from other farms. This leads to loss of market share value of that farm and hence demand becomes elastic. Thus, farms incurs loss from raising the product price and hence farms in this market face huge competition in terms of product pricing. This model also recommends that price might be rigid as there firms achieve no incentive for changing their product price. Implication of market structure for market power distribution in this industry The oligopolistic market structure in Australian dairy farms has huge implications for the distribution of market power in the industry mainly over its pricing and accumulation of profits at different production chain stages. Price leadership occurs in the oligopoly as large farm in this industry affects the pricing strategy of other farms existing in this market. Therefore, if one farm raises its price of dairy products, then other farms will not follow it and stick to their set price. As a result, the quantity demanded for the products of that farm will decline considerably. On the contrary, if one farm declines the product price, then other farms will follow by reducing the product price for retaining their customers (Howley et al., 2012). Thus, it will prevent them from losing their market share and exist in the market. This market structures has some implications on the accumulation of industry profits at different stages of the production chain of the industry (Kilelu et al., 2013). The dairy farms in Australia focus on marketing activities such as advertising the products for attaining higher profitability. However, this increases the aggregate demand of the dairy products in this oligopoly market. Moreover, if one farm adopts new technology in production, then the total cost of production automatically increases. Now, if another farm sets lower price for the dairy product, then this farm will lower its price on their product. As a result, the farm attains lower profit or may face loss in manufacturing dairy products. Overall, it affects the industry profits leading to lowering of market share value. Inglenook Diarys current strategy Inglenook dairy farm currently strategizes to involve vertical integration while processing milk and activities for distributing dairy products (Gourley et al., 2012). In addition, the organization current strategy also includes differentiation of dairy products based on the needs and preference of the customers. They also strategizes to reduce the products cost and improve the production process by adopting new technologies. They also plan to develop unified brand in the market for attracting large number of customers and attain their trust and loyalty. Moreover, they try to update their product offering technique for improving their financial performance. They also focuses innovating new products using raw materials, providing proper customer services and setting lower product prices in order to attain competitive advantage (Ertl et al., 2015). This current strategy will facilitate in controlling larger share of this market as well as ensure in attaining sustainable profitability i n long term. Opportunities or threats to long run profits of dairy industry Inglenook dairy farm in Australia reflects good potential in growth and the factors that includes advancement of technologies and production as well as supply chains affects the producers abilities and hence provides huge opportunities to expand in future (Eastwood et al., 2012). The company also strategizes to set lower prices in comparison with other competitors in this industry. Moreover, technological advancement and extending customers channels also provides opportunities to the farms in the dairy industry as the international demand for the products grows in greater way. Thus, Inglenook management practices helps in generating employment opportunities and improving the labor productivity. The threats of this dairy farm occur from high level of competition in this industry. The competitors of this dairy farm pose huge threats on them in terms of pricing strategy and quality of products. However, this aids the farm in focusing on producing high quality products at lower price. In addition, intervention of the Australian government also affects the growth of Inglenook within the Australias dairy industry (Burton et al., 2012). As a result, this affects on the long run profit of the farm as this farms cost of production becomes higher than the total amount of revenue obtained during the particular year. Under investment in the infrastructure of dairy chain and trade liberalization, unsuitable development plans also poses threats to this farm. Recommendations to the current strategy of Inglenook Diary In order to be successful, the strategy of Inglenook should rely on the principle of value creation in each section of the dairy chain. The recommendations given to the current strategy of Inglenook Dairy will help them to achieve the goal of long run profitability. This includes: It is suggested that Inglenook farm should consult with their stakeholders for achieving the objective and goal of the farm and this helps in expanding the business. Given the rise in milk volatility and feed prices, it is necessary to integrate risk management system into the strategies of dairy development (Ahmad and Bravo-Ureta, 2012). Thus, it is suggested that the farm should implement risk management system for attaining higher profitability in long run. Agricultural development has been dynamic in regards to structure of the farm, input prices , product prices and perceptions of the consumer. Thus, it is suggested that Inglenook should monitor, evaluate and improve their strategy in order to avoid risk that comes from other rivalries. Before implementing the strategy, the farm should assess dairy programs that explore benefits of program for creating target beneficiaries. Thus, this will help them in improving investment returns in development of dairy. Conclusion Thus, it is concluded from the above assignment that implementation of proper strategy helps the dairy farm in attaining higher profitability and expanding the business. The market structures also influences the dairy farms in the nation. The business strategy of Inglenook also provides huge opportunities in the market and also helps in facing threats that comes from rival firms. Thus, it helps in gaining competitive advantage and achieve sustainable profitability in the long run. References Ahmad, M., Bravo-Ureta, B. E. (2012). Technical efficiency measures for dairy farms using panel data: a comparison of alternative model specifications.Journal of Productivity Analysis,7(4), 399-415. Burton, R. J., Peoples, S., Cooper, M. H. (2012). Building cowshed cultures: A cultural perspective on the promotion of stockmanship and animal welfare on dairy farms.Journal of Rural Studies,28(2), 174-187. Eastwood, C. R., Chapman, D. F., Paine, M. S. (2012). Networks of practice for co-construction of agricultural decision support systems: case studies of precision dairy farms in Australia.Agricultural Systems,108, 10-18. Ertl, P., Klocker, H., Hrtenhuber, S., Knaus, W., Zollitsch, W. (2015). The net contribution of dairy production to human food supply: The case of Austrian dairy farms.Agricultural Systems,137, 119-125. Gourley, C. J., Dougherty, W. J., Weaver, D. M., Aarons, S. R., Awty, I. M., Gibson, D. M., ... Peverill, K. I. (2012). Farm-scale nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and sulfur balances and use efficiencies on Australian dairy farms.Animal Production Science,52(10), 929-944. Howley, P., Donoghue, C. O., Heanue, K. (2012). Factors affecting farmers adoption of agricultural innovations: A panel data analysis of the use of artificial insemination among dairy farmers in Ireland.Journal of Agricultural Science,4(6), 171. Kilelu, C. W., Klerkx, L., Leeuwis, C. (2013). Unravelling the role of innovation platforms in supporting co-evolution of innovation: Contributions and tensions in a smallholder dairy development programme.Agricultural systems,118, 65-77. McDowell, R. W., Nash, D. (2012). A review of the cost-effectiveness and suitability of mitigation strategies to prevent phosphorus loss from dairy farms in New Zealand and Australia.Journal of Environmental Quality,41(3), 680-693. OBrien, D., Shalloo, L., Patton, J., Buckley, F., Grainger, C., Wallace, M. (2012). A life cycle assessment of seasonal grass-based and confinement dairy farms.Agricultural Systems,107, 33-46. Tauer, L. W., Mishra, A. K. (2012). Dairy farm cost efficiency.Journal of Dairy science,89(12), 4937-4943.